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Metalworking fluids are used to lubricate, cool, and clean metal workpieces during machining. They can be petroleum-based, water-based, or synthetic and are used in high-volume or high-speed machines. However, exposure to these fluids can cause health problems such as skin irritation and respiratory complications. Safe handling precautions should be taken, including using protective clothing and following manufacturer’s instructions.
Many metalworking techniques create a large amount of friction and metal byproducts. During this process metalworking fluids composed of various substances are used to lubricate, clean and cool the metal workpieces. Most industrial metalworking processes require metalworking fluids, especially in abrasive processes such as grinding. Fluids can be liquid or grease-like and can consist of a wide variety of petroleum, water-based and synthetic materials. There are many health problems associated with metalworking fluids due to the composition of the substance, as well as related safety and handling precautions.
Metalworking fluids are used during machining for a few key purposes. Many of the machining processes create immense heat between the cutting tool and the metal work piece, and these fluids often cool the metal work piece and cutting tool. Another benefit of this process is that both the cutting tool and the metal are lubricated. A fluid can also be used to clean machined metal pieces from the workpiece.
Many of the processes associated with metalworking can require metalworking fluids, especially in high-volume or high-speed machines. CNC metalworking, in which a computer controls the cutting tool, usually uses them for processes such as turning, grinding and sawing. While industrial processes use them more often, consumer metalworking machines may also require fluids of various compositions.
Generally, metalworking fluids are petroleum-based, water-based, or synthetic. Many factors influence which fluid combinations to use, including types of metal, types of cutting tools, and the size of a workpiece. Liquids can also be thickened with soapy or non-soapy agents to create a more viscous grease-like material useful for some types of processing. The materials used to create metalworking fluids, however, raise some health concerns.
Exposure to metalworking fluids is potentially dangerous for a few reasons. The chemicals and organic compounds used can become contaminated and may even contain small pieces of metal. Putting this material on your skin can cause irritation, rashes and more serious skin problems. Also, if a metalworking fluid is temporarily transformed into a mist during the machining process, it is possible to inhale the fluids, which can lead to respiratory complications. Contamination can also occur during storage and liquids should be stored according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Contaminated, used, or generally hazardous metalworking fluids can be handled safely. Most manufacturers include instructions on safe handling, and some industry organizations offer comprehensive instructions. Gloves, chemical filter masks, and protective clothing are basic tools used to prevent dangerous conditions.
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