Spicules are needle-like structures found in various scientific contexts. In biology, they support invertebrate animals and can be found in sponges, nematodes, and even vertebrates. Solar spicules are plasma explosions on the sun’s surface, studied by astronomers to learn more about the sun and similar stars. More observation and study are needed to understand these massive energy releases.
The word “spicule” describes a pointed or needle-like structure. It is used in different contexts in the sciences. Spicules can be observed microscopically and macroscopically, anywhere from the ocean floor to the sun. The type of spicule under discussion is usually clear from the context of the discussion.
In biology, spicules are used by many invertebrate animals to support themselves and strengthen their skeletal structure. They are composed of a variety of materials, depending on the organization that produces the spicule, and can be found in a variety of locations. Sponges are a classic example of an organism that uses spicules. Upon magnification, the tiny crystalline structures can be seen arranged in a variety of patterns. Symmetry is often exhibited and different species of sponges can have different matrices.
Nematodes also sometimes have spicules, depending on the species. Vertebrates such as frogs can also develop these structures. Microscopic examination is usually necessary to identify a spicule, as these structures are typically very small when found on animals. The function of spicules also varies, with some providing support, others providing traction, and others serving a function in the reproductive tract, for example.
At the other end of the scale is the solar spicule, a plasma explosion that can erupt from the sun’s surface at extremely rapid speed. The spicule is usually accompanied by a rapid fluctuation in the sun’s magnetic field and can be observed with a high-powered telescope or similar observing instrument, with some of the best images coming from orbiting devices. Solar spicules may be about 300 miles (500 kilometers) across, illustrating how impressive they are and how far the Sun is from Earth, as people cannot see them with the naked eye, although they risk permanent eye damage by staring directly at the Sun.
Several hypotheses have been developed to explain how and why solar spicules form, to learn more about the Sun and similar stars. As of 2009, there was no firm consensus among astronomers about these massive energy releases, suggesting more observation is needed, along with study from probes that could take readings to glean information about conditions on and around the Sun. Such Observations can be difficult to gather, because the Sun can easily damage or destroy probes that get too close to its extremely hot and highly charged surface.
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