Uric acid stones can form in the kidneys, bladder, and ureter due to high concentrations of uric acid in the urine. Overproduction of uric acid, dehydration, and certain medications can contribute to stone formation. Symptoms include abdominal and groin pain, nausea, vomiting, and changes in urine color. Treatment involves medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes. Complications can include kidney failure and urinary tract infection. Men and white children are more prone to developing uric acid stones.
Uric acids, products of purine metabolism, are considered unwanted wastes within the body that must be eliminated through urine or feces. When there is a high concentration of uric acid in the urine, the formation of stones or uric acid stones can occur. Most uric acid stones are found in the kidneys, urinary bladder, and some can get stuck in the ureter. The ureters are thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and ultimately for excretion.
Uric acid stones frequently form due to overproduction of uric acid and defects in uric acid reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys. Taking excessive amounts of purines will also lead to an increased concentration of uric acid in the blood. Dehydration or an inadequate amount of fluid in the body usually increases the concentration of uric acid in the urine, thus leading to stone formation. Some medications also tend to raise uric acid levels.
Individuals with uric acid stones in the urinary tract often complain of shooting pains on both sides of the abdomen, particularly the posterior region. They may also experience pain in the testicles and groin area. These symptoms mainly occur when a uric acid stone blocks the flow of urine or when it moves along the urinary tract. Other manifestations of uric acid stones include nausea, vomiting, chills and fever. The presence of blood in the urine and changes in the color of the urine are also observed.
Nephrologists are doctors who treat patients with urinary tract problems. They may require the patient to undergo an ultrasound of the kidneys for diagnosis. Patient urinalysis and blood test may also be performed for further evaluation of patients showing signs and symptoms of uric acid stones.
Treatment involves the use of citrate or bicarbonate, which are often effective in dissolving uric acid stones. There are also medications given to reduce the amount of uric acid in the blood. Other patients may need to have surgery to remove larger stones. Most patients are advised to drink plenty of water to dilute urine and to avoid foods that are high in purines such as organ meats, fish, nuts, and colas. It is also recommended to minimize the consumption of dehydrating liquids such as alcohol, coffee and tea.
Several complications can develop due to uric acid stones. These include kidney failure, paleness, insomnia, obstruction and urinary tract infection. Studies have shown that men are more likely to develop uric acid stones than women. Also, white children are more prone than children of other races.
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