Handcuffs are restraints used by law enforcement to prevent escape, self-harm, or harm to others. Modern versions emerged in the mid-1800s, with adjustable ratchets and double-locking mechanisms. Hinged and rigid shaft versions also exist, with some agencies covering shackles to prevent injury. Law enforcement personnel are trained in responsible use and complementary restraint techniques. Prisoners are typically handcuffed behind their backs with locks on the outside of the wrist.
Handcuffs are restraint devices designed to lock someone’s hands, making it difficult for them to escape, hurt themselves, or injure someone else. Law enforcement personnel have used versions of handcuffs for prisoner restraint for hundreds of years; modern handcuffs emerged in the mid-1800s, and several new variations began appearing in the late 20th century.
The concept of tying someone’s hands to restrict their freedom of movement is probably ancient, as it is so basic. Early metal handcuffs were simply two hinged rings designed to lock onto the wrists. These handcuffs had a distinct disadvantage, as they were not adjustable. Prisoners with thin wrists could wriggle free from them, while prisoners with thick wrists often felt discomfort.
In 1862, WV Adams realized that the inclusion of a ratchet would make handcuffs adjustable. He developed the basic design that continues to be used today, consisting of two bracelets connected by a thin section of chain. Law enforcement personnel can snap the ratchet end of an open bracelet into the other side, which contains a pawl to catch the ratchet teeth. The handcuffs are tightened at will and then locked; double-locking versions lock the ratchet in place so the handcuffs can’t be accidentally overtightened.
In addition to handcuffs that connect with chains, many handcuff manufacturers also produce hinged handcuffs, which bring the prisoner’s hands even closer together and reduce the risk of injury from the chain. Others make handcuffs connected by a rigid shaft. Due to concerns about injury from shackles on handcuffs, many law enforcement agencies cover the shackle with hose or similar flexible tubing that will prevent the prisoner from snagging skin or hair in the shackle.
Many law enforcement employees wear handcuffs and are authorized to use them as needed. They are expected to use handcuffs responsibly and with care for the welfare of their prisoners, and most are trained in a variety of restraint techniques that are designed to complement the use of handcuffs. By convention, people are typically handcuffed behind their backs, making it harder to choose handcuffs and easier to control the prisoner. Many law enforcement officers also have a habit of handcuffing with the lock on the outside of the wrist, further hindering someone who might be considering fleeing because they would find picking the lock a challenge.
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