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Bloomeries were early iron smelting furnaces that produced a porous substance called bloom, made of iron and slag. They were used for steel and wrought iron production until replaced by blast furnaces. Bloomeries were preheated with charcoal, and iron ore and coal were introduced to produce metallic iron and slag. The bloom was traditionally used in a double hammer machine to shape the metal. The first bloomery was created around 3000 BC, but iron wasn’t widely used until 1200 BC during the Iron Age.
A bloomery was an early style of furnace used for smelting iron. Bloomeries produced a porous substance called bloom, which was composed of iron and slag, a byproduct of the smelting process that separated metallic from nonmetallic elements. They were mainly used in the production of steel and the production of wrought iron. In the modern era, bloomies have been replaced by industrial furnaces called blast furnaces.
The first flowering is thought to have been created around 3000 BC. At the time, however, those working in the field didn’t know what to do with the molten iron, and it wasn’t until 1200 BC that iron was first widely used. When the Iron Age swept over the western world around the same time, it was largely possible due to the capabilities of the flowering.
The physical structure of a bloomery contained a chimney, pipes called tuyeres, an opening to remove the bloom, and sometimes an air or gas compressor. The walls of the planter were made of some sort of substance that resisted heat, such as earth or stone. Some planters did not contain an opening from which to draw the bloom, but instead required the workers to turn the foil itself upside down and remove the flower from the top of the furnace.
When workers used a bloomery, they first preheated the unit by lighting charcoal. When the device had reached the appropriate temperature, the iron ore and other coal were introduced into the top of the furnace. The coal produced carbon monoxide, which became trapped in the unit and facilitated the reduction of oxides in the iron ore without causing it to melt; this produced metallic iron. In the process, tiny grains of iron drifted to the bottom of the bloomery, and these pieces fuse together to form slag. The steel was produced in bloomeries by altering the airflow in the unit.
The flower produced from a planter was traditionally used in a machine called a double hammer. The double metal hammer shaped by compression pressure. Flowers or pieces of wrought iron to be hammered and shaped, commonly known as puddle balls, were placed inside. A series of large hammers moved in opposite directions on either side of the device, squeezing the bloom or puddle balls within the unit. This pressure rolled and shaped the metal bloom or puddle balls.
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