A calandria is a device used in a CANDU nuclear reactor, which relies on heavy water and natural uranium fuel. It is also a thermosyphon boiler design used as a heat exchanger in chemical reactions. The CANDU reactor is versatile and uses various fissionable materials, making it a competitor to light water reactors. The calandria in a CANDU reactor contains fuel bundles immersed in heavy water, which is conveyed to a steam generation system for electricity production. The low-pressure design allows for non-stop refueling. A calandria evaporator is a chemical reactor chamber used to concentrate compounds through a heat exchanger. Both nuclear and chemical reactors use vertical tubes and a liquid medium for circulation.
A calandria can be defined as one of two distinct types of devices. A nuclear power plant project in Canada, known as a CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor, uses a calandria reactor core that relies on the use of heavy water, or deuterium, and natural uranium fuel. A calandria can also be defined as a thermosyphon boiler design, which is a sealed chamber that functions as a heat exchanger through the calandria evaporation of chemical solutions without the need for an electric pump to assist in the process.
The Canadian design for the CANDU reactor was first developed in the late 1950s, and as of 2011, there are 29 updated models in seven countries around the world, including Canada itself, South Korea and China, as well as India, Argentina, Romania and Pakistan. Because of the versatility of a CANDU reactor design, which allows it to use a variety of fissionable materials including natural uranium and reprocessed uranium, thorium and plutonium, it is a direct competitor to light water reactor (LWR) designs. The light water reactors use ordinary water as a coolant and neutron moderator and are operational at 359 locations worldwide as of 2011, including many other scaled-down designs on submarines and other Navy vessels.
The calandria in a CANDU reactor is the very core of the reactor. It contains bundles of immersed fuel when in full swing, which are immersed in heavy deuterium water as a form of coolant and transfer medium for heat. The water is conveyed from the calandria to a steam generation system which feeds the turbines for the production of electricity. Unlike many other modern nuclear reactor designs, the CANDU system does not have a high pressure containment vessel. The low-pressure design of the calandria also allows non-stop refueling.
A calandria evaporator is a form of chemical reactor chamber used to concentrate compounds, such as liquors and fruit juices, by precipitating lighter and heavier elements through the use of a heat exchanger. Both nuclear reactor chambers and chemical reaction chambers based on calandria principles use the idea of vertical tubes. In the CANDU system, these are filled with nuclear fuel and, in a chemical reactor, the starting material. Circulation occurs through tubes and a liquid medium surrounding them, with the fluid being pushed by different levels of specific gravity in the compounds. A central tube known as a downcomer facilitates the separation process through thermosiphon effects, where convection of fluid through the tubes occurs as heat is naturally exchanged in the system.
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