Compiled languages are translated into machine code to produce an executable program, allowing it to run on any compatible platform without recompiling. Interpreted and scripting languages require an interpreter utility to run, but are easier to implement. A mix of compiled and interpreted languages may be used in software development.
A compiled language is a computer programming language whose source code is typically compiled, or translated into machine code, to produce an executable program. Compilers are utility programs designed to translate a specific implementation of a programming language into an executable binary file designed to run under a particular operating system. This standalone executable file can be run on any compatible platform without the assistance of another program and without the need to be recompiled. Some common compiled languages are Ada, C++ and Fortran.
Computer programs can also be written in an interpreted language or a scripting language. The decision to implement a project in a compiled language is usually related to the much higher execution speed of its programs. The speed increase is believed to compensate for what is generally a more complex development and maintenance process. Operating systems and utilities that require direct access to hardware often require the efficiency of a compiled language.
Interpreted languages must be parsed, translated, and executed by an interpreter utility each time the program is run. If the interpreter does not reside on a computer, the program cannot run. In a compiled language, this lengthy parsing and translation is done once at compile time, and the executable doesn’t need any utilities to run. When speed or the need for low-level hardware access isn’t a factor, the relative ease with which an interpreted program can be implemented could make it an attractive option.
Scripting languages are often implemented to give users more control over compiled language programs or to provide additional functionality. This kind of language must also be interpreted at runtime. The most familiar use of the scripting language is in Internet web pages, where the browser acts as a script interpreter. Such languages have existed since the days of the first mainframe computers, however, to automate simple processes.
When developing a software project, choices often need to be made between the efficient use of computer resources and the cost of development time. This can lead to a mix of compiled language and interpreted language or scripting within a particular project. The time- and resource-critical elements of a program are usually best coded in a compiled language. Interfaces and elements with less resource requirements could be developed more cheaply in an interpreted language. Even things that will eventually be implemented in a compiled language could be more conveniently prototyped as an interpreted language program.
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