Cytogenetic technologists identify chromosome abnormalities in a laboratory, which can lead to serious health and developmental problems. They use techniques such as karyotyping and FISH and require laboratory skills, attention to detail, and good communication skills. Qualifications and training vary by location and job specification.
Cytogenetic technologists work with cellular structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are spiral bodies of DNA that reside in the cells of organisms. Chromosomes contain genetic material, and the correct number and structure are essential for healthy human life. Chromosome abnormalities can therefore lead to serious health and developmental problems. Cytogenetic technologists identify these abnormalities in a laboratory.
Humans generally have 46 chromosomes, located in the nuclei of most cells. Down syndrome, also called trisomy 21, is an example of a chromosomal disorder whereby extra genetic material results in cognitive impairment and an increased risk for other health problems, such as heart defects. A cytogenetic technologist may study samples taken from a fetus or after the birth of a child. In cases of Down Syndrome, the technologist would find an additional partial or complete copy of chromosome 21.
Laboratory skills are essential for a cytogenetic technologist, including an understanding of relevant safety issues and any ethical considerations. Duties can vary from job to job, but techniques commonly used by the cytogenetic technologist include conventional karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A karyotype is a picture of an organism’s chromosomes in order of size and is used to identify changes in chromosome number or structure. FISH uses fluorescent probes to assess small areas of DNA, down to individual genes. FISH is gaining popularity in laboratory settings.
Several skills are needed in this field, including attention to detail and the ability to work independently, as this type of work can mean spending a lot of time alone. However, a cytogenetic technologist needs good communication skills, particularly if working in a hospital. He or she must be able to communicate their work to other professionals, who may not have the same scientific knowledge. Work is not limited to hospital facilities, as research labs and private medical labs offer similar career opportunities.
The qualifications and training required to become a cytogenetic technologist vary by location and job specification. In some countries, such as the US, a bachelor’s or postgraduate degree is usually required and may include training in a clinical setting. Those interested in a career in genetics may benefit from contacting laboratories in the location they wish to work, to see what kind of qualifications and salary are expected. Generally, however, the study of scientific subjects, particularly biology, is likely to provide a useful foundation. More information can also be found by contacting the Association of Genetic Technologists.
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