Facial composites are sketches or computer-generated images used to create a visual representation of a suspect based on eyewitness memory and description. They are often used in criminal investigations and judicial procedures, but are prone to misuse and error. Sketch artists and facial composition computer software are used to create composites, but studies have shown they are error-prone. Despite criticisms, they remain a widely used tool in investigation and prosecution.
A facial composite is a sketch or computer-generated image used to create a visual representation of a suspect based on eyewitness memory and description. Composite sketches are often used to help track suspects in a crime where there is no photographic evidence. While frequently used in both investigative and judicial settings, critics suggest that facial composite sketches and newer computer-generated versions are extremely prone to misuse and error. While judges and juries rely heavily on facial composites to make decisions, critics say innocent people risk jail time and other consequences for mistaken identities.
There are several methods for creating a facial composite. The most basic involves sketch artists, who are often professionals and have many years of training in both the art and craft of compositing. Sketch artists can talk in detail with eyewitnesses to help them recall details about what a suspect looked like. The artist creates sketches that coincide with the description, sometimes asking the witness if the sketch still needs to be modified. Hand sketching was once the primary means of creating a facial composite, but modern computer techniques are becoming much more popular in the 21st century.
Facial composition computer software allows the witness to choose images from a database to match his memory of every feature on the suspect’s face. In addition to narrowing down details such as eye color or nose shape, the witness can also place features on a face model and change the size and relative positions of each feature. Identifying marks, such as scars, tattoos or piercings can be added from databases or drawn on the model.
A facial composite can be used at different stages of criminal investigations and judicial procedures. Law enforcement officers can use a composite image to create a “wanted” poster, warning citizens of a potential criminal in the area and asking for advice or sightings. Additionally, investigators or investigative personnel may rely on composites when tracking down people connected to a crime or following leads. In cases where a suspect’s identity cannot be found or prior photographs do not exist, a composite may be the only way to dent witness memory about the suspect. Police can also use the composites to compare sketches against databases of known criminals, to see if they can find a likely match.
Some studies have shown that facial composites are extremely error prone. Unfortunately, in a heated event like a crime situation, even the sharpest eyewitness might be too overcome with adrenaline or fear to pick up on many details. In addition, eyewitnesses may be inclined to suggest and can convince themselves of a detail that did not actually exist. However, despite the criticisms, composite facial images remain a widely used tool in investigation and prosecution.
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