Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) improve power transmission capacity and reliability, optimizing existing systems and reducing the need for new equipment. FACTS technology includes hardware and software that can control voltage and current flow, improve power quality, and reduce electrical losses. It can be installed within existing substations or transmission facilities, reducing construction time and costs. FACTS technology responds to changing utility conditions, optimizing system performance.
A flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is a combination of hardware and software installed in power transmission substations designed to improve capacity and reliability. AC refers to alternating current, the electrical energy supplied by electric utilities to homes and businesses. FACTS technology can be used to optimize existing electrical transmission systems and often prevent or delay the construction of new transmission systems.
Electric utilities face continued demands for more capacity as customers consume more electricity. Conservation programs, more efficient appliances and lighting, and smarter consumer electronics can slightly reduce electricity consumption. Environmental concerns about overhead power lines, magnetic fields, and damage from new construction can delay the construction of new equipment. A flexible AC transmission system can provide better performance than existing transmission lines, improve power quality and reduce electrical losses.
Installing FACTS equipment in series, or in-line, with transmission lines is used to control system voltage. Equipment designed in shunt or parallel on transmission lines controls the flow of current or electricity. FACTS includes software, capacitors, voltage regulators and other equipment that manage the electrical system.
A flexible AC transmission system has several advantages over standard transmission networks. Existing transmission lines have significant voltage losses over long distances. This system can boost line voltage and maintain proper supply voltage across a transmission network. Most transmission systems are interconnected networks of power lines, where power imbalances can occasionally occur. FACTS shunt systems can balance power across parallel feedlines to optimize performance.
Increasing development and population density can make it difficult to build new broadcasting equipment. FACTS technology is compact and can be installed within the existing footprint of a substation or electrical transmission facility. Existing transmission lines carry higher loads without overheating or exceeding their power ratings. Customers typically see improved power quality and reliability.
Electrical demands are not constant, but vary widely with customer needs. Static transmission lines cannot quickly adapt to these changes, which can lead to voltage losses for customers. Low voltages and brownouts can also damage equipment. FACTS technology includes software that responds to changing utility conditions, optimizing system performance.
Another benefit of flexible AC transmission system technology is the reduced cost for a utility to install this system compared to designing and building new transmission systems. FACTS equipment consists of modules that are combined to meet the performance needs of the substation or transmission line. Construction times can be significantly reduced. Many utilities are regulated and face pressure to cut costs and defer price increases to consumers. Optimizing existing equipment can be a very cost-effective way to meet growing demand.
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