Knee fractures can range from hairline cracks to severe injuries caused by a strong blow to the knee. Treatment options include casting, surgery, and physical therapy, and long-term care may be necessary to address potential arthritis.
A knee fracture refers to a break in the kneecap or one of the bones with which it articulates to form the knee joint. Fractures can range in severity from hairline cracks in the bone to injuries that break the bone into multiple pieces across the joint. The most common cause of this orthopedic injury is a strong blow to the knee, which can occur during sports, a heavy fall or an automobile accident. Treatment options may depend on the nature of the injury, the patient’s level of health, and physician preferences.
Patients with knee fractures may notice symptoms such as a sharp, stinging pain related to an injury, followed by swelling and limited range of motion in the knee. Some fractures are open, in which case part of the knee is exposed and it may be possible to see the injured or displaced bone. Measures such as icing, anti-inflammatory drugs and braces do not contribute to an improvement, indicating that the injury is more than just a strain. Medical imaging can identify a knee fracture and provide insight into its nature.
Conservative treatments begin with casting and splinting. The patient must keep weight off the affected limb to give it a chance to heal, which may require the use of crutches or a cane. Periodic evaluations can confirm that the bone is knitting and appears to be staying in place. As the patient begins to recover from the knee fracture, gentle physical therapy can rebuild strength and flexibility around the joint. This is important, as it will stabilize the injured knee over time.
A severe knee fracture may require surgical treatment. Surgeons can create an incision to clean out the joint, reposition the bone, and fix it in place. The nature of the surgery may depend on the type of fracture, but may involve plates, wires, or pins. A cast or brace can be used to stabilize the joint while the patient recovers, and similar instructions on keeping weight off the leg can be included in the treatment plan to reduce strain on the knee.
In the long term, a knee fracture can be a cause for concern because it could be contributing to the arthritis. People with a history of fractures are at higher risk for bone problems later in life. They may need medications, physical therapy, and other treatments to address this problem. Athletes with injured knees who want to continue playing may require more aggressive therapies, such as knee replacements for joints too damaged to support aggressive physical activity.
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