Lymphangiomas are benign growths in the lymphatic system, often found in children under two years old. They can occur anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes, but are most common in the neck and head. Blockages in the lymphatic system during fetal development can cause lymphangiomas, which can be detected through ultrasounds and amniocentesis. Symptoms vary based on the type of lymphangioma, but can include lumps under the skin, pain, and breathing difficulties. Treatment options include fluid drainage, radiotherapy, and surgical removal.
A lymphangioma is a benign growth found in the lymphatic system. Most of these abnormalities occur in children younger than two years of age. They can be present from birth or can start at a later time. While a lymphangioma can form anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes, the neck and head are the most common locations.
A blockage and subsequent entanglement in the lymphatic system, most often during fetal development, gives rise to lymphangiomas. The lymphatic system is an important component of the immune system where bacteria and other foreign substances are destroyed. This blockage of the lymphatic system can result from a number of factors such as infection or alcohol consumption by the mother. Ultrasounds and amniocentesis — a test of the amniotic fluid — can better alert medical professionals to the possible condition.
Lymphangiomas are characterized by different locations, sizes and appearances. A macrocystic lymphangioma is usually smaller than 0.8 inch (about 2 cm), while a microcystic lymphangioma typically grows larger than 0.8 inch (about 2 cm). Categorization also occurs based on where the lymphangioma is located in relation to a bone in the neck called the hyoid bone and whether or not the growths occur on either side of the body. A lymphngomia can also be named based on its appearance. Such classifications include capillary, cavernous, and cystic.
Symptoms of lymphatic system malformation vary by type. Cystic types are large and filled with fluid, and therefore often appear as lumps under the skin. These congenital lymphangiomas frequently arise in the neck, groin and armpits. It can cause mild pain on squeezing the swollen area. Cavernous lymphangiomas share similar symptoms and origins, but these types are usually found deep under the skin in the neck or mouth and are also more likely to spread. Other types of lymphangiomas known as circumscribed lymphangioma can consist of small clusters of pink or red blisters on the surface of the skin.
Although benign, lymphangiomas can ease complications. Bleeding and infections are perhaps the two main concerns. A large growth can also clog the mucous membranes and respiratory system and thus distress breathing. In some cases, the growths can serve as an early indicator of genetic or chromosomal disorders. Also, large groups of lymphangiomas can be aesthetically unappealing.
Proper treatment can usually relieve most of the associated symptoms. Fluid drainage can provide short-term relief in less severe cases. Radiotherapy is also used with selected patients. When feasible and least damaging to surrounding healthy tissue, surgical removal remains the most effective treatment protocol.
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