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Grid protectors prevent reverse power flow in interconnected power systems. They consist of circuit breakers, relay configurations, and housing mechanisms, and are used in underground power distribution networks. Secondary power distribution networks have interlaced networks powered by multiple energy sources, and the mains protector connects the multi-phase power bus to the mains. The relay monitors line currents, transformer and mains voltages, and trips the system if it detects a reverse power flow or overcurrent situation. The network protector prevents power from flowing from the secondary network to the primary network. Control relays have reclosers that close the circuit breaker after a fault has cleared. Modern protectors are electronic and can communicate data to remote stations.
A grid protector is a device that monitors the flow of electrical energy between interconnected power systems, automatically disconnecting it if power begins to flow in the reverse direction. It is a protective device which is used in grid and spot networks to prevent the backward flow of electrical power from the sub-grid. Grid protection relays consist of circuit breakers, relay configurations and housing mechanisms. They are mainly used in underground power distribution networks to reliably supply power in high density population load areas. These areas can be industrial sites, large buildings, or even sections of a city.
Secondary power distribution networks typically contain interlaced networks powered by a minimum of two or more energy sources. It is structured in this way to allow the power distribution network to operate continuously even in the event of a loss of a power source. Each power source contains a switch, a multiphase bus, and a transformer. The mains protector connects the multi-phase power bus to the mains and is usually found in dust-tight enclosure mechanisms. The cases are also moisture-proof due to the location of the devices; they are mostly found in underground passageways in large urban areas.
The housing mechanism protects the relay and switch from exposure to the elements and tampering, ultimately preventing damage. The switch has contacts that switch between the open and closed positions. The relay acts as the brain of the device and monitors line currents, transformer and mains voltages with the help of sensors. Power flows through the protector when the main contacts within it are closed. If the relay senses a reverse power flow or overcurrent situation, it executes algorithms to initiate circuit breaker tripping and trips the system.
While it may look like this, the network protector does not protect the secondary network but prevents power from flowing from it to the primary network. Maintains subsystem dependency and stability. The relays detect failures in the primary power supply and the circuit breaker opens to disconnect the primary power supply from the secondary network. This occurs because the primary cable is connected to the secondary network via the network transformer. If the power is allowed to flow in reverse, it excites the primary power supply through the process of magnetic induction.
This is a dangerous situation because the fault will continue to feed through the power supplied by the secondary network. The relay in the grid protector detects the reverse flow feed and trips the system to prevent it. If there is a fault in the secondary network, the relay will not trip and the fault will continue to be fed from the primary network. In such cases, networks rely on cable limiters to act like fuses, fusing to disconnect the secondary fault. Sometimes, the wires can burn clearly and the fault is isolated. This can be dangerous because the cable may not burn and the secondary network may be damaged due to long-term excessive overload.
The control relays have reclosers which close the circuit breaker after it has been activated and the fault has cleared. Early network protectors were electromechanical systems, while more modern ones are entirely electronic. Electronic line protectors calculate power flow or use sequence currents and voltages to make tripping decisions. Sequence-based digital relays are even capable of measuring power flows and can communicate this data to remote stations.
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