A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to communicate with each other over a LAN using a specific protocol. NICs can be wired or wireless and assign unique MAC addresses to each machine. It is important to ensure that NICs and hubs have the same capabilities when setting up a LAN. Wide area networks can connect LANs in different areas through ATM technology.
A network interface card (NIC) is a device that allows computers to be joined into a network, usually a local area network (LAN). Networked computers communicate with each other using a particular protocol or an agreed language for the transmission of data packets between the different machines or “nodes”. The network interface card acts as an interpreter, allowing the machine to send and receive data over a LAN. Information Technology (IT) specialists often use these cards to set up wired or wireless networks.
Function and purpose of a NIC
One of the most common languages or protocols used with a LAN is Ethernet. There are also other less used protocols such as Token Ring. When building a LAN, a network interface card is installed in each computer on the network, and each must use the same architecture. For example, all adapters must be Ethernet adapters, Token Ring adapters, or an alternate technology.
An Ethernet network interface card is installed in an available slot inside the computer, usually on the motherboard. The NIC assigns a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address to the machine, which is used to direct traffic between computers on a network. Network cards also switch data from a parallel format, used by computers, to a serial format needed in data transfers; and then again for the information received.
Wired networks
The backplate of a card features a port that fits a data cable, such as an Ethernet cable, that runs from each NIC to a central hub or switch. The hub acts like a relay, transmitting information between computers using their MAC addresses and allowing them to share resources such as printers and scanners. In a wired network, a cable physically connects each computer to each other or to a hub.
Reti wireless
A network interface card does not have to be wired with a physical cable. Wireless cards are installed like their wired counterparts, but instead of a port for a cable, the card has a small antenna. The NIC communicates with a central wireless switch or hub via radio waves. Wireless LANs are often cost effective, but can have some restrictions depending on the material a building is made of. For example, lead in walls can block wireless signals between the NIC and a hub or switch.
Choose the right NIC card
When purchasing components for a LAN, it is important to ensure that the NICs and hub or switch have the same capabilities. The entire network should be either wired or wireless, unless components are specifically chosen that have both capabilities. Also, newer versions of hardware often support more features and faster data speeds than older equipment. It is important to make sure that a switch or central hub is only as good as the individual cards used in a network.
Wide area networks and NICs
Computer users can also connect LANs located in different areas of a city, region or country, through the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and the creation of a Wide Area Network (WAN). LANs are built with a network interface card in each computer, but ATM uses Internet connections to connect multiple LANs to an online switch, making each part of a network. This type of WAN is referred to as an “internetwork,” since the larger WAN is made up of individual nodes that are each a smaller LAN.
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