The cutting angle is the angle between the tool line and a line perpendicular to the work surface. It affects the force required to cut and the impact on the surface. Tool angle and rake angle also impact cutting. Grinding affects clearance, which affects the angle of the tool. Basic guidelines exist for determining cut angles.
The cutting angle is one of the two main angles that describe the position of a tool relative to a work surface. A shear angle refers to the angle, in degrees, between the tool line and a line perpendicular to the work surface. The other main measurement, tool angle, refers to the angle between the tool line and the work surface. As the cutting angle decreases, the force required to cut the work surface increases, resulting in a lighter impact on the surface. This means that tools with high cutting angles are used for larger material removal and low cutting angles for finishing or sanding.
There are a large number of different angles that affect how a tool cuts a work surface. The cutting angle is the most important factor in the final result, but the other angles influence and cause results of their own. This means that two tools, when used at the same cutting angle, can have different end results.
Tool angle is the second important factor, although most of its importance lies in a small area. A tool has two main parts on its cutting surface, a front face and a back face. The angle between these faces forms the bottom section of the tool angle. This subsection is called a draft angle and every tool must have one. The draft angle describes the actual point of impact between the work surface and the tool, if there is no draft angle, the tool is not actually cutting the surface.
The grind on the blade is the primary determination of rake angle. There are three different types of grind, and each has a different overall impact. A flat grind is the basic type, the edge slopes are flat like a triangle. This ensures moderate life and moderate rake angle. The edge of a channel is convex, which means the sides bulge out; this gives longer life but less play. A hollow grind is concave, i.e. angled inward; this gives shorter life and higher clearance.
All of these factors combine to determine how the tool cuts. Grinding has a large influence on the clearance, which will affect the angle of the tool, which will then determine the correct cutting angle. Even without all of these factors, there are some basic guidelines for determining likely cut angles. Generally, when a tool goes against the grain of the surface, a shallower angle is needed. A higher angle is used when going with grit and the higher angle is used for scraping or finishing.
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