Urothelial neoplasia, or transitional carcinoma, is a type of cancer that affects the urinary system. Symptoms include abdominal pain and blood in the urine. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, and risk factors include cigarette smoking and overuse of painkillers.
Urothelial neoplasia, or transitional carcinoma (TCC), is a type of cancer that begins in transitional tissue, found in the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, and ureters, as well as parts of the prostate. The transitional epithelium is a type of tissue that has the ability to stretch, supporting the primary function of the urinary tract: the collection, production and storage of urine. Manifested by the rapid growth of abnormal skin cells, the main symptoms of urothelial neoplasia are abdominal pain and blood in the urine. While there is no known cause of CBT, some risk factors can contribute such as cigarette smoking and chemotherapy.
TCC manifests itself in different physiological states that serve to determine the stage of the neoplastic condition and subsequently the management plan. The least invasive and tends to be the easiest to cure is urothelial neoplasia in situ, as it is generally still superficial, although it is thought to be potentially highly metastatic. This is especially true if it tends to recur. Seen in more advanced stages, metastatic TCC is a condition in which malignant cells spread to distant lymph nodes and organs. Tumor staging and classification are more important in determining prognosis, because urothelial neoplasms with more advanced involvement, including invasion of lymph nodes and muscle tissue, are typically incurable. Low-stage, in situ and stage 1 cancers have a 91% survival rate after five postoperative years as of 2011.
Unless the cancer condition is significantly advanced or the patient’s health is poor, the typical treatment for urothelial neoplasia is surgery, as well as chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Drugs taken to destroy cancer cells, chemotherapeutic agents are administered locally via catheter into the renal pelvis or systemically. Given to strengthen the patient’s immunity alone or in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy is most effective against low-grade and low-grade cancer.
Specific types of chemotherapy agents that cause a condition called hemorrhagic cystitis, which is especially problematic in children, are associated with TCC. Caused by inflammation and infection, hemorrhagic cystitis is characterized by frequent urination, a feeling of urgency, blood clots in the urine, or being unable to urinate. Research indicates that one factor that greatly increases the risk of CBT is cigarette smoking, which is linked to more advanced states of the disease, as well as a higher incidence of morbidity. Other risk factors that make people more susceptible to developing urothelial cancer are overuse of painkillers and long-term and recurrent urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
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