Extracellular matrix is a nonliving tissue that supports cells and performs various functions. It varies in composition and location, and is secreted by surrounding cells. It plays a vital role in the body’s healing process and communication between cells. Different cells are needed to build specific types of extracellular matrix, and its destruction can cause health problems. Tumors attack extracellular matrix to metastasize into new regions.
An extracellular matrix is a network of nonliving tissue that provides support for cells. It also performs a number of other very specific functions, depending on the cell types it is associated with, and takes many forms. The constituent materials of this structure can vary widely; plants, for example, build them from cellulose, while animals produce extracellular matrices with proteins, minerals and some carbohydrates.
The term “extracellular” literally means “outside the cell,” which explains where the matrix is located. In some cases, it is actually secreted by surrounding cells. In bone, for example, a mineralized extracellular matrix is designed to provide support and resist compression. In some cases, the matrix simply fills in the space between the different tissue types, ensuring they are kept separate and their functions are not disturbed.
The skin has an extensive extracellular matrix that keeps it supple and strong. The skin matrix also plays an important role in the healing process, as do such structures elsewhere in the body. It can also help regulate communication between cells and the production of certain substances in the body. It also provides a framework for cell adhesion, encouraging stable growth and healing.
Bones, muscles, and tendons all have extensive extracellular matrices that enable them to perform a variety of functions in the body. Tendons and ligaments have special proteins that allow them to be stretched and contracted so that the body can move, while bone is made up mostly of collagen and mineral deposits, creating a very firm and secure structure.
Depending on the type of extracellular matrix involved, specific cells may be needed to build it. Fibroblasts, for example, secrete matrix that creates fibrous connective tissue, while osteoblasts produce new bone. When these cells are destroyed in any way, they can cause serious problems, as the body is constantly reabsorbing the substances it produces even as it produces more; if it is no longer produced or the matrix is produced in excess, it can cause health conditions.
When tumors attack the body, one of the things they attack first is the extracellular matrix in the region where they grow. Tumors secrete certain enzymes that digest the structure, providing a direct link to the underlying tissue and allowing the cancer to metastasize as it breaks down and distributes cells into new regions. Without these enzymes, cancer would not be able to penetrate the body’s vulnerable tissue.
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