Axial forces act on the central axis of an object, either stretching or compressing it. The geometric center is the point where the object’s mass is the same in any opposite direction. The central axis may or may not pass through the geometric center. When the force load is uniform across the geometric center, it is concentric, and when it is not uniform, it is eccentric. A concentric force is stable at rest, while an eccentric force is not.
An axial force is any force acting directly on the central axis of an object. These forces are typically stretching forces or compressive forces, depending on the direction. Also, when the force load is uniform across the geometric center of the shape, it is concentric and when it is not uniform, it is eccentric. Unlike many acting forces, an axial force is often its opposite; an object pulled or pushed uniformly in opposite directions does not move. The pure force occupies a similar position to the axial force, but operates perpendicular to the central axis of the object.
One of the most important parts of examining axial forces is the idea of a geometric center. This is a point within the confines of a solid object that is the perfect center of all mass. In a simple object, such as a cylinder, it is easy to find the exact center of the object by simply measuring the sides. In a complex object, like a bicycle, the process is much more complicated. While there is a very complex set of mathematical equations that will find this point, it is basically the point where the object’s mass is the same in any opposite direction.
In a complex object, this point can be located almost anywhere within the major space of the shape. When looking at an object, the space the object occupies is often larger than the object itself. Factors such as density and protruding arms could cause the geometric center to exist on the surface or even outside the shape.
The central axis of the object goes from side to side through the object. This line is based on the shape of the object, not its mass or density. The central axis may or may not pass through the geometric center.
When a force acts directly on the central axis, it is an axial force. These forces will often compress the axle from both ends or stretch the axle in two opposite directions; as a result, the object typically does not move. A prime example of these forces can be seen on columns inside buildings. The column has an axis that traverses the entire module from top to bottom. The column is constantly compressed as it supports the roof of the structure.
In the column example, the axial force flows through the geometric center of the shape; this makes the force concentric. A concentric force is stable at rest. When the axis does not pass through the geometric center, the shape is not stable and the force is eccentric. This typically means that the shape is unable to resist axial forces while at rest; the structure will not be able to cope with the disproportionate energies acting on it.
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