Biliary obstruction is caused by blockages in the bile ducts, which can lead to jaundice and abdominal pain. It can be caused by gallstones, tumors, or trauma. Diagnosis involves physical exams and imaging tests, and treatment usually involves surgery or ERCP. Complications can include infections and sepsis.
Biliary obstruction is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by a blockage in the bile ducts of the digestive system. Blockages of the bile ducts can develop for a variety of reasons and can be indicative of a secondary condition, such as gallstones or a tumor. Treatment for an obstruction focuses on clearing the blockage and usually involves surgery.
Bile is a substance composed of bile salts, cholesterol, and waste products, including bilirubin, that the digestive system uses to digest food and fats. When released from the liver, the acidic liquid travels through the bile ducts to the gallbladder for storage. After an individual eats, stored bile is released into the small intestine to aid in digestion. If the bile ducts are blocked, bile can build up in the liver, raising blood bilirubin levels. Impaired bile flow and a buildup of bilirubin can lead to yellowing of the skin, a condition known as jaundice.
Several situations can lead to the development of a biliary obstruction. The formation of tumors or cysts within the bile duct can create an obstruction that limits proper bile flow. Inflammation and trauma affecting the bile ducts or surrounding tissue can contribute to the development of a biliary blockage. Additionally, the formation of gallstones within the gallbladder can also create an obstruction that impairs the flow of bile.
Individuals who develop an obstruction may experience a variety of signs and symptoms. One of the most common signs of a biliary obstruction is the development of abdominal pain located in the upper right side of the abdomen. Symptomatic individuals may also experience nausea, vomiting, and fever. The presence of dark urine and pale stools are also indicative of a biliary blockage. Individuals with a high concentration of bilirubin in their blood can also develop jaundice.
There are several diagnostic tests that can be administered to confirm the presence of a biliary obstruction. Initially, a physical examination and palpation of the abdominal area may be done to evaluate for any distension, tenderness, or other abnormalities. Blood tests may be done to evaluate liver enzymes and bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels; results indicating higher than normal levels of any of these substances can confirm the presence of a blockage. Imaging tests, including a computed tomography (CT) scan and ultrasound, may be done to evaluate the condition of the bile ducts and determine the presence and extent of any blockage. Eliminating the blockage is central to any therapeutic approach for a biliary obstruction.
If the blockage is due to stones, they can be treated during a procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Used to identify and remedy narrowing or blockage of the bile ducts, an ERCP is employed to remove any blockage and widen the narrowed ducts to allow for proper bile flow. When the blockage is due to a tumor or cyst, these may be removed and tissue samples taken for further laboratory analysis. Surgery may also be conducted to bypass the blockage and remove the gallbladder if the obstruction is due to gallstones. If infection is present, antibiotics may be given to clear the existing infection and prevent it from spreading.
Individuals who have a history of gallstones or pancreatitis may be at increased risk of developing biliary blockage. Injuries to the abdominal area can also increase the chances of a bile duct blockage. Additional factors that may contribute to a blockage include recent open surgery to remove the gallbladder, known as an open cholecystectomy, and bile duct cancer. Those with compromised immunity who develop certain infections may also be at greater risk for biliary blockage.
Symptoms associated with a biliary obstruction should not be ignored. If left untreated, bilirubin can rise to dangerous levels leading to the development of a life-threatening infection. The prognosis associated with this condition depends on prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and the cause of the obstruction. Complications associated with a biliary obstruction include infections, liver disease, and sepsis.
Protect your devices with Threat Protection by NordVPN
