Slope separation uses tunnels, ramps, bridges, and interchanges to separate roads or rails at different elevations. It improves traffic flow and reduces accidents, but can be unsightly and expensive.
Level separation is a process used to improve traffic flow at intersections and junctions. With slope separation design, each road or rail surface is placed at a different slope or elevation. This elevation difference is accomplished by using tunnels, ramps, bridges, and interchanges at every point where the two roads or rails cross. For example, an elevated train running above a roadway is considered an example of railway grade separation. An urban light rail system, in which the cars move with traffic at street level, is not level separated.
There are many different types of slope separation projects, which are categorized by the type of surface each is separating and how the elevation difference is accomplished. These projects may involve railroads, freight trains, subways or subways, monorails, or even pedestrian paths. The process of separating two separate automobile roads is also considered a type of grade separation.
In a completely separated or free-flowing grade separation design, traffic in all directions can continue to flow without stopping or slowing down where roads, tracks, or footpaths cross. An example of this might be a pedestrian bridge or a “cloverleaf” intersection, where raised ramps allow vehicles to travel from one highway to another without stopping. Partially separated slopes include intersections where motorists or pedestrians may need to slow down or give way, such as a traffic circle. A traditional intersection using road signs does not involve any grade separation.
This type of design offers a number of advantages over roads and tracks which are all built at the same elevation. All types of traffic can flow more freely, with little or no disruption, and speed limits are generally higher. The biggest benefit is the separation of different types of traffic, including cars, trains and pedestrians, which reduces the risk of accidents for all parties.
At the same time, many residents living near the separate-level crossings often object to them. They are generally built quite high which can obstruct the view. In particular, the appearance of grade-separated roads and bridges is generally unsightly and consists of massive concrete or steel structures that extend into the air. It is much more expensive to build tunnels or bridges than it is to build at ground level, and these projects take up a lot of space, both during and after construction is complete. Finally, the complexity of these projects often means they take a long time to complete, which can disrupt traffic flow for years.
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