Ferromagnetism is when magnetic moments align parallel to each other, even when the magnetic field is removed. Temperature affects the order of magnetic moments, and ferromagnetic materials have domains where electrons are arranged in parallel. Ferromagnetic materials have been used for computer memory and hysteresis is a property used to exploit whether magnetization can be reversed. A permanent magnet remains magnetized and ferromagnetism is one of the most studied principles of magnetism.
Ferromagnetism is a property of a material in which particles called magnetic moments arrange parallel to each other when there is a magnetic field. These particles stay in place even when the magnet is removed. Magnetism occurs at the atomic level, with the field having a direct effect on the electrons in an atom. Electrons spinning in opposite directions can be in the same orbit as the atom and even switch orbits, causing a stronger repulsion. Called Coulomb repulsion, this allows electrons to be arranged in parallel and results in the parallel structure of ferromagnetic materials such as iron and nickel.
Temperature also has a strong influence on ferromagnetic materials. Depending on the material, it will become paramagnetic at a certain temperature, at which magnetic moments point in random directions. The order is disturbed by thermal energy. At what temperature this phenomenon occurs is determined by the equations derived from the Curie-Weiss law of ferromagnetism.
In ferromagnetism, a material is not completely filled with parallel electrons. There are domains where electrons are arranged as such, but the total magnetic energy is also affected by the shape of an object, from which its magnetostatic energy derives. A ferromagnetic material is also affected by atomic structure, so the magnetocrystalline energy can vary along different axes. Magnetostrictive energy is that which causes small changes in the length of materials when they are magnetized. Where magnetic energy causes the direction of magnetization to shift, it is called a domain wall, which is observed in ferromagnetism of crystalline structures.
The ability of ferromagnetic materials to revert to previous dispositions has been used as the basis for computer memory. Random access memory (RAM) in the 1970s used iron to create polar magnetic forces which served as a way to create binary signals when storing the memory. Hysteresis is a magnetic property used to exploit whether the magnetization can be reversed or not. It is not present in ferromagnetic materials which are reversible and revert to the demagnetized state when the magnetic fields are removed.
A permanent magnet remains magnetized and when a strong enough field is applied in the opposite direction to the first one it can reverse polarity. Where this occurs does not depend on specific mathematical values, but is represented by a graphical curve for the hysteresis. Ferromagnetism is where materials remain magnetized due to their internal structure and is one of the most studied principles of magnetism.
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