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Firmware is permanent instructions stored on non-volatile ROM chips, such as the BIOS chip on a computer motherboard. Flash memory chips allow for firmware updates, extending the life of digital devices. Upgrading firmware can be risky, but can add new features.
Firmware refers to read-only memory (ROM) chips that store permanent instructions. Boot computer or digital devices, as ROM chips are non-volatile, meaning they do not require a power source to hold their contents. This differentiates it from random access memory (RAM), for example, which loses stored data when powered off. Perhaps the most familiar example is the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) chip. The BIOS chip on a computer motherboard contains instructions that, when turned on, initialize the hardware, ensure that components are working, and finally deploy the operating system to take over.
In the past, firmware chips could not be rewritten. When the BIOS became obsolete, the only option was to buy a new motherboard. The new chips would include the latest hardware so that the user would not be limited to older units and other legacy technologies in the face of the inevitable upgrades.
It became clear that firmware that could be updated would be extremely beneficial. This has become possible with flash memory chips. With the BIOS written on this type of chip, a user can connect to the manufacturer’s website, download an update, and update the BIOS chip during boot to install a new set of instructions. All quality motherboards today have a flash BIOS.
Firmware is at the heart of almost all popular digital devices. Portable audio players, cell phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras and game consoles are just some of the devices that use it. When purchasing electronic items, consumers should note that if the chip can be flashed, the product is usually advertised as “upgradeable”. This is accomplished online by connecting the device to a universal serial bus (USB) or FireWire port on a computer and following the manufacturer’s website instructions.
Upgradeable firmware has extended the life of countless electronic devices, adding new features. However, flashing chips can be risky, as the device will not boot if the flashing process is interrupted or damaged. While upgrading, users should ensure that they follow the instructions carefully and back up all important data beforehand.
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