Formation geology studies distinct and thick rock units that can be traced on a map. Stratigraphic units are classified into erathems, systems, and groups. Geologists use formation geology to date rock layers, study geological activity, and connect formations around the world. Examples include the Austin Formation in Texas, the Enon Formation in South Africa, and the Fukuji Formation in Japan.
In general, formation geology is the study of more than one rock unit traced over a large area. A formation must be distinctive and thick enough that it can even be traced to a specific location on a map. There are many geological layers that make up the surface of the Earth, called stratigraphic units, each of which has a complex classification system. Each stratum is divided into erathems or rocks that were formed during a particular time era. Erathems are then classified into systems or rocks that have formed over a certain period of time. The systems are then divided into groups or rocks of more than one formation that have certain characteristics in common. Typically, formations are named after the place where they were found.
There are countless examples of formation geology around the world. For example, the Austin formation is located in McLennan County, Texas. To the naked eye, it appears that there are limestone cliffs, but well-studied geologists have data indicating that there were volcanoes in the area that gave rise to a specific type of soil and rock. In South Africa, people travel from all over the world to see the Enon Formation, one of the largest formations in the country and still considered an active system along its fault lines. In Japan, the exact age of the basal portion of the Fukuji Formation is yet to be determined; however, by studying the fossils they discovered the age of the upper and lower sections of the formation.
Through formation geology, a geologist can date the rock layers of an area. He can also look for other areas where there are similar formations. For example, there may be two rock outcrops and each may have similar geological formations. The geologist can then try to compare the two and see if there were any other formations that existed between the two that had been worn away. Formation geology will also allow a geologist to study past and present geological activity, such as volcanic activity or activity related to tectonic plates.
Formation geology can be exciting and rewarding, especially if a new formation is discovered. Time and great attention to detail may allow geologists to connect formations and land masses around the world. With each time period, vast changes have occurred on Earth, each resulting in distinct formations. History and science are combined for those interested in formation geology.
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