Glandular fever, also known as infectious mono or mono, is a viral infection transmitted through direct person-to-person contact and saliva. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and swollen tonsils, and treatment involves rest and hydration. Complications can include jaundice and inflammation of the liver. Prevention is key as there is no vaccine available.
Glandular fever, also known as infectious mono or mono, is a viral infection that results from exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or other bacterial organisms, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). The infection can be transmitted through direct person-to-person contact and saliva. While the infection itself is not serious, the potential for complications associated with glandular fever is significant and can include the development of jaundice and inflammation of the liver. Treatment for glandular fever is based on adequate rest and hydration.
Commonly known as kissing disease, mono can be transmitted through saliva or exposure to saliva produced when an individual sneezes or coughs. Additional methods of transmission include sharing glassware or cutlery with an infected individual. Viral infection is often diagnosed in children and young adults who have not developed immunity to the virus. Very young children who get glandular fever may have mild or no symptoms, allowing the infection to run its course undetected.
Individuals with glandular fever can experience a variety of symptoms that vary in intensity and severity. Once an individual has been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus, they can remain asymptomatic for up to eight weeks during the incubation of the virus. Sore throat, fever, and swollen tonsils are the symptoms most commonly associated with glandular fever. Additional symptoms include lack of appetite, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and fatigue. Those who contract the virus can be sick for several weeks, so some daily activities may be limited as the individual recovers.
A diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis can be made through a physical exam and a blood test. Initially, a doctor may ask a series of questions about your symptoms and conduct a physical exam to look for signs of the Epstein-Barr virus, such as enlarged lymph nodes and tonsils. A palpatory examination may be conducted to assess whether the individual’s spleen or liver is distended or swollen. Antibody tests are conducted to check for infection or EBV antibodies in the blood. An additional blood test may be conducted to evaluate the levels of white blood cells or lymphocytes which may be elevated due to the presence of infectious mononucleosis.
It is important for people diagnosed with mononucleosis to get enough rest and stay hydrated. Antibiotics cannot be prescribed as this is a viral infection. If a secondary bacterial infection develops, such as strep throat or tonsillitis, antibiotics may be prescribed. Individuals experiencing more severe symptoms, such as severe inflammation of the throat, may be placed on a corticosteroid to reduce swelling. Symptoms associated with mono should be monitored closely to prevent potentially significant complications.
Some individuals with mono may experience an enlarged spleen, which can induce severe abdominal discomfort confined to the individual’s upper left side. If you experience such discomfort, you should seek immediate medical attention, due to the potential for spleen rupture. The liver can also be adversely affected by glandular fever, which can cause inflammation of the organs and a yellow discoloration of the skin, a condition known as jaundice. Other complications that can result from mono include meningitis, difficulty breathing due to severe inflammation in the throat, and anemia. Individuals with existing, compromised immunity may experience more pronounced symptoms and be at higher risk of developing complications associated with mono.
Since there is no vaccine available for infectious mononucleosis, prevention is key to inhibiting transmission of the virus. Individuals with glandular fever should cover their mouths when coughing and sneezing, wash their hands regularly, and refrain from direct person-to-person contact. Eating utensils and glasses should not be shared. The Epstein-Barr virus can continue to live in a person’s system for several months after initial infection, so people recovering from the illness should be conscientious about taking steps to prevent transmission of the virus.
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