Group polarization is when individuals’ opinions become more extreme in group settings. The cause is not well-defined, but theories include social comparison and commitment. It occurs in both physical and online discussions, especially when participants are anonymous.
Group polarization is a phenomenon studied in the social sciences in which individuals’ decisions and opinions become more extreme when in group settings. According to the idea of group polarization, if an individual has an opinion on a topic, that opinion will likely be strengthened after a discussion of the topic with a group. In many cases, the concept of “more extreme decisions” is interpreted to refer strictly to riskier and wilder decisions. It is important to note that decisions and actions in a group can tend towards the extreme or the pole and can be more cautious or riskier than a decision made by an individual.
There are several theories regarding the origin of group polarization, but the precise cause, if indeed there is indeed a single well-defined case, is not known. One theory revolves around the idea of social comparison, the idea that all members of a group are constantly analyzing each other’s behavior and trying to act in ways that are socially beneficial. This often involves acting in a way that is in some way superior to the perceived “average” general behavior or position on a topic. In many cases, this means taking a more extreme stance on an issue. Assuming that everyone in the group is consciously or unconsciously working for social advantage in the group, the general opinion of the group tends to shift towards a more extreme position.
Another possible explanation for the phenomenon of group polarization is simply based on commitment. When taking any position on a topic in a group, one must maintain that position to avoid appearing insecure or indecisive. Furthermore, turning a vague leaning towards one side or the other of an issue into a statement made in front of a group turns the leaning into a concrete opinion with witnesses. Moderate opinions or slight biases become much more real when spoken and heard by other people. When members of a group express an opinion or commit to a course of action, the rest of the groups expect them to stick to it.
Group polarization has been observed to occur in online discussions as well as physical discussions. This is especially true when discussion participants are anonymous. In such discussions there tends to be an “aggrandisement” factor as people attempt to express more shocking, original and newsworthy opinions and ideas. This results in an overall polarizing effect of the group as more and more extreme opinions and ideas are introduced into the discussion.
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