Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody produced by lymphocytes that is mainly involved in the allergic response. When a patient encounters an allergen, IgE binds to mast cells, triggering the release of histamine granules and producing symptoms. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding the allergen, using antihistamines, or immunotherapy.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a protein called an antibody that is made by cells in the body known as lymphocytes. IgE is mainly involved in the allergic response. Some patients may react to various allergens, such as pollens, medicines or food. When a patient encounters an allergen, IgE binds to cells known as mast cells. These mast cells are triggered to release histamine granules, which then produce the symptoms of an allergic response.
Lymphocytes that originate and mature in the bone marrow are known as B lymphocytes. These B cells secrete different types of antibodies or immunoglobulins and are part of the humoral immune response. When a patient is first exposed to an allergen, some of these B cells are activated and begin secreting immunoglobulin E. This IgE binds to the surface of mast cells found in body tissues. It can also bind to other blood cells called basophils.
After the first exposure to the allergen, mast cells and basophils are sensitized, but no allergic reaction has occurred. Upon the second exposure, the allergen binds to immunoglobulin E molecules on the cell surface. The IgE molecules are then linked together by the allergen, which signals cells to release granules containing histamine, enzymes or other proteins known as cytokines.
This IgE response is very potent and can begin within 30 to 30 minutes of exposure to the allergen. The release of histamine or other proteins can irritate mucous membranes, cause blood vessels to dilate, or smooth muscle in the airways to constrict. Symptoms for the patient can range from sneezing and hay fever to life-threatening signs of anaphylactic shock.
Identification of the substance that produces the immunoglobulin E response is the first step in treatment. The patient may already know what triggers the response. If not, your doctor may want to use a skin test for diagnosis. Pollen, dust, food or drug extracts are placed on the skin, followed by a small needle. If the patient is allergic to any of the substances, a small inflamed area will develop at that spot on the skin.
Treatment for allergies begins with the patient avoiding the cause of the response. Most food allergens or medications can be avoided. For patients with mild hay fever symptoms, an antihistamine drug can relieve symptoms. Antihistamines do not prevent the immunoglobulin E response, but rather block the action of histamine once it is released from the granules.
If an allergen is airborne or the contact cannot be controlled, such as in a bee sting, the patient may need immunotherapy. Injections of very small doses of the allergen are given under the skin to sensitize the patient and control response. These injections are usually given twice a week for a few months.
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