Koilonychia, or spoon nails, is a nail disease that causes thin and concave nails. It can be caused by trauma, iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition, or other medical conditions. Treatment depends on the source of the condition and can range from proper diet and self-care to specific therapy. Preventative measures include maintaining nutritional health and avoiding external abuse of the nails.
Koilonychia, or spoon nails, is a nail disease that usually causes the nails to become thin and concave. It can be caused by a variety of factors, the most common being trauma or iron deficiency anemia. The most common signs of koilonychia are brittle nails and the shape of the nails, but if left to worsen, symptoms will generally progress in the same way. Proper treatment for koilonychia largely depends on the source of the condition and can range from proper diet and self-care to specific therapy for a specific medical condition. In general, acquired forms of koilonychia can be prevented by maintaining nutritional health and avoiding external abuse of the nails.
This condition is most often associated with anemia, but koilonychia can actually occur due to any type of iron deficiency, even if there is no anemia. Heavy trauma or general malnutrition can also lead to the condition because koilonychia is more likely to cause nails to become softer and weaker. Other medical conditions can indirectly lead to this ailment, such as thyroid disorders, kidney disease, or circulation problems. Nail disease can also result from occupational situations, such as a job or lifestyle that involves regular abuse of the nails or exposure to chemicals that will gradually cause them to become worn and weak. Congenital causes of the disorder include nail-patella syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome.
Koilonychia generally starts with thin, concave nails that are weak or brittle. Nails can turn yellow, develop ridges, and become susceptible to infection. As the condition worsens, the nails may suffer permanent damage or fall off completely.
Diagnosing the source of koilonychia usually involves seeing a specialist. If the root of the problem is some kind of malnutrition, a switch to a healthier lifestyle is usually recommended. In particular, iron supplements and iron-rich foods, such as beans or nuts, can complement a nutritional diet, but should be consumed in the appropriate dosage. If the source is an underlying medical disease, primary treatment should depend on the disease. Also, specific nail moisturizers or emollients can be used throughout the day, but more often after showering or washing hands, and will aid in the healing process.
Individuals can reduce their risk of contracting nail disease by avoiding situations that would be destructive to their nails. In addition to maintaining a healthy diet, individuals can avoid biting or picking their nails. They can also avoid excessive use of nail polish or accessories, and for feet, avoid shoes that put pressure on the toes. If their lifestyle involves activities that regularly cause damage to their nails, both physically and chemically, gloves are usually the best preventative measure.
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