Periodontal disease is a gum disease caused by an increase in bacteria or a change in bacteria affecting the gums. It can be prevented with good oral hygiene, but can also be caused by weakened immune systems or genetic disorders. Symptoms include swollen and bleeding gums and tooth loss. It is treatable under the care of a dentist.
Periodontal disease is the term used to describe one of the two main diseases of the gums. In human anatomy, the periodontium is the part of the mouth that contains the gums, the fissures between the gums and the teeth, superficial roots, connective tissues, and bone. The name periodontal disease is used for problems caused by an increase in bacteria or a change in bacteria affecting the gums.
Usually, a patient with gum disease is described as having gingivitis or periodontitis. Gingivitis is a condition that most people are familiar with and is characterized by red, swollen and painful gums. It is also often the cause of chronic bad breath. Periodontitis is a more progressive disease characterized by swollen and bleeding gums, the formation of deep pockets between the teeth and gums, and eventually the decay of connective tissues, which results in tooth loss.
Periodontal disease is often the result of poor oral care and hygiene, though not always. In some cases, a weakened immune system or genetic disorders can cause chronic gum problems. A much more common cause is long-term loss of teeth and gums. Harmful bacteria build up in the mouth, on the surface of the teeth, and between the teeth and gums to form plaque. If plaque remains on the surface of the teeth and between the teeth and gums, it becomes a much harder substance called tartar.
In healthy mouths, plaque buildup occurs naturally, but is easily controlled with regular brushing and flossing and routine professional teeth cleaning. If the bacteria begin to increase, whether through neglect or a medical condition, however, tartar eventually destroys the gums and supporting structures. Periodontal disease occurs most frequently in people with diabetes, osteoporosis, herpes, and diseases that weaken the immune system. Other risk factors are preventable and include smoking and vitamin C deficiency. Aside from poor oral hygiene, smoking is the leading preventable cause of gum disease.
In most cases, this disease is completely treatable under the care of a dentist, so anyone experiencing any signs or symptoms, including swollen gums, bleeding gums, or pain or tenderness, should see a dentist. Taking care of your teeth and gums can usually prevent this condition.
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