Plasmodium falciparum is a parasitic protozoan that causes severe malaria and can be transmitted through mosquito bites or blood transfusions. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms, anemia, and organ failure. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs and IV fluids, and prevention measures include taking medication before traveling to high-risk areas.
The parasitic protozoan responsible for the development of a potentially fatal form of malarial infection in humans is known as Plasmodium falciparum. Associated with the most severe manifestations of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum can be transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito or by receiving a blood transfusion from an infected individual. Considered a medical emergency, the resulting malarial infection requires immediate hospitalization and the administration of antimalarial drugs. Left untreated, a presence of Plasmodium falciparum can wreak havoc on an individual’s blood cells and cause widespread organ failure.
Individuals who acquire a malarial infection can remain asymptomatic, meaning they experience no symptoms, for up to a year after initial exposure. Most frequently, infected individuals begin exhibiting a wide range of signs and symptoms within a month of exposure. The most common symptoms associated with this parasitic infection are similar to the flu in their presentation, such as nausea, chills, and vomiting. Some individuals may develop a yellowish tinge to the skin, a condition known as jaundice or bloody stools. Additional symptoms associated with the presence of Plasmodium falciparum include profuse sweating, muscle discomfort, and headaches.
If left untreated, the presence of malarial infection can lead to life-threatening complications. The destruction of red blood cells that occurs with the emergence of this parasitic protozoan can result in hemolytic anemia, which occurs when red blood cells reach dangerously low levels. Extensive organ failure can also occur due to disruption of the proper balance of blood cells. Additionally, individuals may hemorrhage or develop meningitis in the presence of widespread parasitic infection.
Carried by infected mosquitoes, Plasmodium falciparum settles in the liver before invading the bloodstream where it attacks and destroys red blood cells. The resulting annihilation of red blood cells contributes to the development of malaria-induced anemia. Once the parasite enters the liver, it matures and produces aggressive “offspring” known as merozoites. The liver is soon invaded by merozoites which continue to reproduce and mature causing host cells to rupture, spilling the parasitic organisms into the bloodstream. The presence of a resulting infection, known as malaria, can lead to an anemic condition if the invasive infection is not treated.
Frequently diagnosed through a physical examination and blood test, the presence of Plasmodium falciparum is usually treated with the aggressive administration of antimalarial drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine hydrochloride. Individuals may also be given intravenous (IV) nutrients and fluids to help stabilize their condition and prevent complications, including dehydration. In cases where the presence of the parasite has become invasive to the respiratory system or has otherwise impaired breathing, mechanical ventilation may be used to facilitate breathing.
Individuals should demonstrate proactive measures to prevent the contraction or spread of Plasmodium falciparum. Those traveling to areas where Plasmodium falciparum is known to be of concern are encouraged to take anti-malarial medication before leaving and upon returning home. Since congenital transmission of malarial infection is possible, pregnant women at risk of such parasite exposure can be encouraged to take antimalarial drugs.
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