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S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) is a compound essential for cell growth and regeneration, found naturally in the body and the liver. It is sold as a supplement, and research shows it can be effective in treating depression, osteoarthritis, and potentially limiting cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s patients. However, it can have side effects and should be consumed on an empty stomach and stored properly.
S-adenosyl methionine is an essential chemical compound in cell growth and regeneration. It is also known as SAM and SAMe. This compound is created by a reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine. It uses the metabolic pathways of transmethylation, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation within cells to carry out its function.
SAM has a methyl group attached to it, making it chemically reactive. This allows it to operate in transmethylation reactions, since it can be donated to an acceptor substrate. Numerous nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids also benefit from the donation of the methyl group of s-adenosyl methionine. The actions in which SAM is involved are present throughout the human body, but the largest volume of SAM, both produced and used, is found in the liver. It is not necessary for humans to consume foods that contain s-adenosyl methionine, as it occurs naturally.
This compound is sold as a supplement in the United States, usually under the name Sam-e, which is pronounced sam-ee. It is also sold as a prescription drug in Russia and Italy, under brand names such as Gumbaral and Samyr. Research has been done on the effectiveness of SAM in fighting depression, liver disease, and osteoarthritis. Multiple trials have shown the supplement to be beneficial in the treatment of depression and osteoarthritis. A 2003 study concluded that s-adenosyl methionine supplements were effective in managing knee pain due to osteoarthritis.
In the United States, this supplement has seen increasing popularity. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), passed in 1994, allowed the distribution of numerous substances, including s-adenosyl methionine, as supplements rather than drugs. By classifying such compounds as supplements rather than drugs, many companies were able to avoid the strict regulations that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) places on drug production.
Low levels of SAM in the body were once thought to be a significant factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Subsequent research determined that low levels of vitamin B12 were the most likely culprit. However, SAM levels are significantly lower in Alzheimer’s patients, and recent clinical trials have shown that s-adenosyl methionine supplementation was able to limit cognitive decline in mice exhibiting Alzheimer’s-like symptoms.
This supplement should be consumed on an empty stomach. Foil packaging and storage in a cool, dry place can help ensure the supplement does not break down. Possible side effects of SAM use include insomnia, atherosclerosis, and an increased risk of heart attack. In rare cases, and in combination with other medications, SAM can cause what is known as a serotonin storm, which is an overproduction of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At least one case of this condition has been fatal.
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