Spatial memory is the storage of information relating to orientation and location. The brain uses mechanisms to encode and retrieve spatial information, mostly in the hippocampus. Spatial memory can be stored at different levels, and sensory inputs like the vestibular system, visual information, smells, and sounds can be part of spatial memory. The brain creates a cognitive map of the environment to refer to in the future. Spatial memory retention research shows that the larger the hippocampus, the better the sense of memory.
Spatial memory is the storage of information relating to orientation and location. The brain uses a number of mechanisms to encode and retrieve spatial information for future reference. Much of this activity takes place in the hippocampus, an important region of the brain for memory formation. Spatial memory research is an ongoing topic in the neuroscience community.
Spatial memory can be stored at different levels, including working, short-term, and long-term memory. A visitor to a new city acquires work memories such as where she parked her car or which bus to take to her friend’s house. A resident of that city has long-term memories which she uses to navigate on a daily basis. If she leaves town and returns in the future, she will likely still be able to navigate the area because her memories of him are stored in a long-term format.
Spatial memory can use a variety of sensory inputs to store information. The vestibular system may play a role. Studies show that people can remember the movements involved in a particular trip and can recall them later to go back. Similarly, visual information such as landmarks and marks can be part of spatial memory. People may also remember smells or sounds in a particular place that they can use to orient themselves, such as the sound of chickens at a street market near a destination.
The brain creates a cognitive map of the environment to refer to in the future to determine the best route to take or to reorient itself. It can also help people familiarize themselves with spaces. Many homes and offices maintain a consistent layout, for example, and spatial memory will allow people to subconsciously avoid dangers like a protruding desk or door. They may not be aware of their activities, because the brain is seamlessly gathering needed information and adapting.
Spatial memory retention research shows that the larger the hippocampus, the better the sense of memory. Studies of physically active older adults show that they retain a greater sense of spatial memory and tend to be more independent. Geriatric researchers interested in the health and well-being of older adults are following such studies with interest, as they may provide insights into patient care and lifestyle advice that could enable greater independence. Physical fitness can also reduce the risk of injuries such as hip fracture that could limit mobility or place a patient in a long-term care facility.
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