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The merger doctrine seeks fairness and equality between two entities in various areas of law, including antitrust, civil procedure, copyright, criminal, trust, and real estate law. It facilitates mergers between companies, protects copyrighted expressions, and merges criminal charges. It also merges property and deeds in real estate law and legal titles in trust law.
The merger doctrine is a procedural term used in several areas of law. As an abstract concept, fusion doctrines tend to seek fairness and equality between two entities. The meaning of the term varies according to the concentration of law in which it is used. Merger doctrines are typically found in antitrust law, civil procedure, copyright, criminal law, trust law, and real estate law.
In the case of antitrust law, a merger doctrine typically refers to an approach that the judicial system uses to facilitate mergers between companies. This approach helps merge companies that may face reduced competition and increased prices. A horizontal merger doctrine can be discussed when direct competitors merge, and vertical merger doctrines are discussed when a firm merges with its suppliers. In this case, the merger doctrine can protect minor subjects who merge with more highly functioning companies.
A merger doctrine in a civil proceeding refers to an agreement entered into by the parties to the dispute. A proposal is presented in which the parties to the dispute agree to a settlement which is controlled by the court. Once the doctrine is agreed, the court has the authority to change and adjust the agreement as it deems necessary.
The fusion doctrines present in copyright law protect the relationship between idea and expression. A merging doctrine ensures that an expression of an idea remains protected by copyright while the idea itself is free to be used by others in other forms of expression. In this case, the doctrine protects companies and individuals who want to get closer to copyrighted expressions.
Merger doctrines in criminal law occur when lesser criminal charges need to be merged with more serious existing charges. This doctrine allows for varying degrees of offenses and punishments. A merging doctrine in criminal law distinguishes between a manslaughter charge and a criminal murder charge.
The real estate contract merger doctrines represent mergers of property and deeds. These mergers essentially establish that the agreements made in the contract that are not reflected in the deed lapse when the deed is transferred to the buyer. This doctrine typically only applies to ownership agreements and can be repealed to allow certain terms to survive after the merger.
Merger trust law doctrines merge legal titles if a person becomes the sole beneficiary of a trust as well as a sole trustee. This merger may deem the beneficiary to own the property outright. This type of doctrine would be applicable to those who wish to name a single benefactor in their will.
