The periosteum is a fibrous membrane that covers most bones in the human body, except for the joints of long bones. It has two layers, the outer fibrous layer and the inner cambium layer, which contains progenitor cells that can develop into osteoblasts. The periosteum also has blood vessels and nerves, including nociceptors that can transmit pain signals. It is attached to bones by fibers called Sharpey’s fibers.
Bones are not discovered inside the human body. Instead, there is a membrane that covers, or covers, most of the bones in the human body, called the periosteum. It lines the outer portion of every bone, with one exception: it is absent at the joints of the body’s long bones. These bones include the femur, tibula, humerus, and spokes; the ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges are also considered long bones. Bones also have an internal lining, called the endosteum; the periosteum that covers the bones of the skull is called the pericranium.
This bone membrane is fibrous, dense, and made up of connective tissue. It is divided into two separate layers. The outer layer is called the fibrous layer. Contains cells that synthesize collagen and the extracellular part of body tissue. These cells are also important in wound healing.
The inner layer of the periosteum is called the cambium layer. This layer contains cells, called progenitor cells, which can develop into osteoblasts, cells responsible for bone growth and formation. These cells may also be important in healing. For example, when bone breaks down, these cells turn into osteoblasts and another type of cell called chondroblasts, which form cartilage cells. This cell differentiation is an important part of the healing process.
The periosteum has blood vessels and nerves. Blood vessels provide vital nutrition to the bone. Nerves give bones feeling or sensation. For example, there are nociceptors in the periosteum. Nociceptors are sensory receptors that send signals to both the brain and spine when there is a dangerous form of stimulation. Often, the transmission of these nerve signals leads to the perception of pain.
When picturing the periosteum, it may seem likely that this membrane rests only on bone. However, this is not the case. It’s actually attached to the bone by fibers called Sharpey’s fibers. These fibers are actually a configuration of connective tissues that contain packed collagen fibers.
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