Thermogravimetric analysis is a technique used to characterize how a solid sample changes as it is heated. It is used to analyze polymers, charcoal, paintings, and more. The analysis is performed in a controlled environment, and the output consists of a temperature curve as a function of weight loss. The technique is used to evaluate fireproof materials, coal, and pharmaceuticals, and can also be used for kinetic studies and forensic chemistry.
Thermogravimetric analysis is a technique used in science and industry to characterize how a solid sample changes as it is gradually heated. The sample can change due to moisture loss, changes in crystal structure or molecular changes due to decomposition. This type of analysis is used to characterize polymers and charcoal samples, to date paintings, and for many other uses.
Sample analysis is performed in a controlled environment where the sample is continuously weighed as it is heated. An inert gas can be introduced to avoid oxidation during heating. The output consists of a temperature curve as a function of weight loss. When presented in its differential form, changes in the slope of the curve become peaks, which makes it easier for scientists to discern the transformation point in the sample.
Gravimetric analysis or analysis in which the final quantity is determined by weighing the sample is usually a very precise analytical technique. Thermogravimetric analysis, on the other hand, is more of a descriptive technique. The peaks can be measured in energy released or absorbed by a shift in the sample structure. In some hydrogenated molecules, a peak will occur as heat removes hydration. The heat required to cause such a change is also a measure of the bond strength between the molecule and the water molecule.
Polymers are often described by thermogravimetric analysis. Scientists examine the softening point and degradation point and evaluate the analysis of the mixture and the filler content. Fireproof materials can be tested with this method, evaluating the conditions under which combustion occurs.
Organic material such as coal can be characterized using thermogravimetric analysis. This technique replaced the older multiple tests required to rank and rate coal between buyers and sellers. The test can evaluate the percentage of moisture content, volatile substances, fixed carbon and ash in the coal.
Some kinetic studies, or studies that determine the rates of reactions, are performed using thermogravimetric analysis. These studies are sometimes conducted by continuously analyzing the exhaust gases from the sample as it is heated. Kinetic studies can determine the order of the reaction—that is, how many molecular species must combine in each step of the reaction.
Forensic chemistry has found a home for thermogravimetric analysis. The technique can feature paints and varnishes. Compared to known samples, the age of some works of art can be determined. Useful information regarding the stability of pharmaceuticals is found by the use of this tool.
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