User modeling is the analysis of how humans interact with computing environments. It helps in creating websites and software applications that work well for a wider range of users. User models are created for adaptive systems and can use direct and indirect inputs to adapt to the user’s skills, preferences, and abilities. Examples of adaptive systems include HyperAudio®, Microsoft® Office® ’97, and P-TIMS®.
Modeling is the creation of simulations in order to make advance judgments about real events. Modeling and simulation are used for a variety of purposes, including strategic decision making. Specifically, user modeling is an interdisciplinary analysis of how humans act within specific computing environments. Understanding how users will behave can help in building better websites and software applications and ones that work well for a wider range of users, including those with disabilities.
A primary use of user modeling is to understand how users with different attributes can interact with a user interface. Attributes include skill level from beginner to expert, as well as other important user attributes. These include attitudes, beliefs, goals, interests, learning styles, plans and preferences. It is possible for very different users to use the same website or software application, and user modeling is one step closer to knowing what to expect. User modeling is very important in creating e-learning modules for self-study, as there is no teacher present to make assessments on student characteristics.
User models are created in different ways for adaptive systems and adaptive systems. An adaptive system is one over which the user has some control. This could be through preferences or customizable elements. The shaping of the user into an adaptive system is done both in advance to create useful choices and ongoing as users benefit from those choices. Data can be collected on the choices users make to guide further development. A simple example are systems with a “Basic” and “Advanced” interface that allows the user to choose how to interact.
Adaptive systems are those in which the interface and/or content is structured to adapt to the user as the user’s skills, preferences and abilities become known and change. Adaptive systems can use preferences and disable or mask expert components to not overwhelm beginners and only provide beginners with the functionality that user modeling suggests they need. To adapt, the system can rely on a variety of direct and indirect inputs. Direct input includes preferences, ratings, and choices. Indirect input includes user ratings that are, at least initially, based on assumptions that can be stereotyped. Examples of adaptive systems include HyperAudio®, a portable guide for museum visitors; the Office Assistant in Microsoft® Office® ’97 that appeared and offered help to users; and P-TIMS®, a financial management system.
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