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Working memory involves storing and managing information needed for tasks like reasoning and comprehension. The brain’s capacity is compared to a computer, and research shows the average person can remember seven digits. The multi-component model and episodic buffer theories explain how working memory works. Ongoing research may lead to improved memory capacity and prevention of deterioration.
Sometimes referred to as short-term or recent memory, working memory consists of processes in the brain that involve storing and managing information needed to perform key tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and general learning. Although there are several theories on how working memory is actually related to other brain and memory activities, most approaches agree that the degree of memory breadth an individual exhibits is a good indicator of memory capacity to Work. With roots dating back to the 19th century, much of the current perception regarding this type of mental functioning is based on research conducted in the 1960s and beyond.
One of the attributes of working memory is the ability to recall data in seconds. Some approaches to explaining how this function works compare the capacity of the brain to that of a computer. That is, a command is run to retrieve the information that’s in memory, bring that information to the front so it can be used, then put the information back into memory until it’s needed again. The whole process takes seconds and often seems to require no effort on the part of the individual.
An example of working short-term memory has to do with the ability to remember a series of numbers, such as a phone number, bank account number, or credit card number. Research indicates that the working memory of the average individual allows a series of seven digits to be retrieved without any real effort. However, further research has also indicated that this seven-digit capacity can and often is expanded, allowing individuals to remember numerical sequences up to sixteen digits without pauses.
There are several ideas about how working memory actually works. One is referred to as the multi-component model. This approach requires a central system which in turn coordinates the activities of two other systems. The two subsystems act as a repository for data that is used on a recurring basis, such as remembering how to perform routine tasks at work or drive a vehicle. When required by this central control, the two subsystems retrieve and present stored data for use. Once the activity is complete, the data is put back into storage, leaving room for other data to exit and be used for other activities.
A more recent approach builds on the multi-component model of working memory by adding what has been termed an episodic buffer. The buffer helps qualify the data and helps organize it for use. This allows the brain to handle different types of data simultaneously and to perform tasks with greater proficiency and speed. For example, an individual may not only remember today’s date, but also associated related data, such as errands to run and how to manage them.
It’s important to remember that psychology is continuing to expand our knowledge of how the brain works, including the process of storing and retrieving information. As working memory research continues, there will no doubt be new ideas about how to improve memory capacity and perhaps even how to prevent memory processes from deteriorating in later years. As more is understood about memory in general, current theories are likely to be refined and possibly joined by other theories that take the study of working memory in entirely new directions.
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