Mast cells are associated with diseases like allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune diseases. They can cause inflammation in various systems of the body, and allergic reactions can be triggered by various allergens. Irritable bowel syndrome may also be associated with mast cells. There are several diseases and conditions associated with mast cells, including allergies and arthritis. […]
90% of cells in the human body are non-human, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The human gut alone has over 100 trillion microbial cells, and non-human microorganisms outnumber human cells by a factor of 10. Only 1% of all microbiota on and in the body has been identified. People have unique bacterial signatures, with each […]
Red blood cells in urine can indicate bladder or kidney problems. Hematuria, or abnormal levels of red blood cells, can have various causes, including infection, injury, or tumors. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and follow-up testing is important to ensure complete resolution. Red blood cells in the urine can be a sign of a […]
Blood is made up of cells and plasma, and is transported through blood vessels. Red blood cells carry oxygen, while white blood cells and platelets fight disease. Red blood cells have a unique shape and contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. They are highly efficient at transporting oxygen due to their shape and high concentration of […]
HeLa cells are immortal and controversial due to their origin from Henrietta Lacks’ cancer cells taken without consent. The story raises ethical concerns about tissue culture and informed consent. The historic distrust of medicine in some communities is also discussed, highlighting the need for modern ethics review committees. The use of HeLa cells in research […]
Solar cells use two layers of doped silicon, one with a surplus of free electrons and the other with holes, connected by a wire. When sunlight hits the n-type layer, it creates a current that flows through the wire to a load. The top layer is covered with glass and resin for protection. Solar cells […]
Glial cells are important cells found throughout the nervous system that support its functions. They have various roles, including insulation, structural support, waste removal, and attacking invading organisms. Glial cells are necessary for the survival of neurons, and their function is important for understanding the nervous system and injury recovery. Glial cell disturbances can lead […]
Plant cells have a rigid cellulose-based cell wall and a large central vacuole. They have three types of tissue: surface, basic, and vascular. Epidermal cells can be specialized as guard cells or for water absorption. Basic tissue types include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissue. Plant cells […]
The term “target cells” has different meanings in hematology, immunology, and endocrinology. In hematology, target cells are red blood cells with a bull’s-eye appearance, indicating anemia or other conditions. In immunology, target cells are infected or damaged cells that trigger the immune system. In endocrinology, target cells have receptors for specific hormones. Tests may be […]
Epithelial cells in urine can provide diagnostic information, but it depends on the type and numbers present. Squamous cells are common and may indicate contamination, transitional cells can indicate inflammation or infection, and renal tubular cells in large numbers indicate a kidney problem. Further testing may be necessary. Epithelial cells in urine can provide some […]
Screw piles are helical columns twisted into the ground to support a load, with their strength depending on the number and diameter of plates, and the characteristics of the ground. Originally used to support lighthouses, they are now used in various applications and offer benefits such as higher load capacity, smaller equipment requirements, and lower […]
Xenobots, the first living robots created from stem cells of African clawed frog embryos, could have potential uses in healthcare and environmental protection. They are composed entirely of living matter and can perform simple tasks. However, ethical concerns must be addressed. Advances in preventive medicine and organ transplants have also been made. Have no fear, […]
White blood cells, including B lymphocytes, protect against pathogens. Innate immunity is nonspecific, while adaptive immunity involves B lymphocytes producing antibodies specific to antigens. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, while memory cells provide continued immunity. Vaccines activate adaptive immune responses to produce immunity without causing disease. White blood cells are the main protectors of the human […]
Endothelial cells line the circulatory system and provide a smooth surface to prevent blood clots. They control blood pressure, repair injuries, form new blood cells, and filter in some organs. Dysfunction can lead to heart problems, atherosclerosis, and is common in smokers and those with certain health conditions. Endothelial cells are a specialized type of […]
Stem cell transplants can treat diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Donors can be the patient, a family member, or an unrelated person. Stem cells can be collected through bone marrow extraction, peripheral blood apheresis, or umbilical cord blood collection. Apheresis and cord blood sampling are less invasive methods. Stem cell transplants, also […]
Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled growth of cells that can form tumors and invade other areas of the body. Malignant cells are not recognized by the immune system and can multiply unchecked. Treatments include surgery, drugs, and radiation therapy. Research is ongoing to prevent and more efficiently treat cancer. Cancer describes any of a […]
