Molecular foods are natural foods grown from intentionally engineered seeds to resist crop damage, enhance flavor, and increase yield. They can resist weather conditions and plant diseases, retain color, and have stronger taste and aroma. The term may also refer to alternative cooking methods. Molecular foods are generally considered to be any type of natural […]
Molecular biologists study cells, viruses, bacteria, genetics, and disease mechanisms. A PhD is typically required for long-term employment in the field, and a degree in biology or a related science field with good grades is helpful. Doctoral programs include coursework, research projects, and a dissertation. Molecular biologists study topics such as cells, viruses, bacteria, or […]
Molecular orbital theory explains chemical bonding in terms of electrons distributed around a molecule. Atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals, which can be bonding or antibonding. Bonding order is calculated to determine the nature of the bond. MO theory better explains molecules with bond orders between single and double bonds and magnetic properties, but […]
Molecular computing uses single atoms or molecules to solve computational problems, including DNA computing, quantum computing, and nanoscale logic gates. A kilogram of carbon with 100 atoms could process over 1027 operations per second, replacing traditional silicon computers. DNA computing is powerful but not universal, while quantum computing faces challenges with decoherence. Nanoscale robotics are […]
Molecular chemistry studies molecules made up of various combinations of atoms. The octet rule is a fundamental fact of molecular chemistry, where atoms bond to gain eight electrons in their outermost shell. Chemical reactions occur when compounds interact, and they are constantly happening in our bodies. Molecular chemistry is the chemistry of molecules, covering most […]
To start a career in molecular chemistry, research accredited programs, earn a bachelor’s degree, and continue with a master’s or doctoral degree. Choose a subfield and gain hands-on experience through internships or entry-level positions. Starting a career in molecular chemistry means gathering information and applying to accredited chemistry programs to earn a bachelor’s degree. From […]
A diagnostic molecular scientist requires post-secondary training, work experience, and laboratory skills to identify and diagnose changes at the molecular level. They must be detail-oriented, precise, and mentally focused. A university degree in biochemistry or chemistry is required, and related work experience is necessary. Laboratory skills are essential, and career advancement requires additional education and […]
Molecular orbitals are paths electrons take around a molecule, determined by whether they move around nuclei in phase or out of phase. Bonding and antibonding orbitals are created by the overlap of atomic orbitals, which determines whether atoms will bond. Atomic orbitals are described by theory, with “s” and “p” orbitals being the simplest. Bonding […]
Molecular sieves, made of porous materials like zeolite, are used to dry or absorb gases and liquids by separating substances at the molecular level. They can absorb up to 24% of their weight and are often used in the petroleum industry. Different types of sieves have different pore sizes and are used for specific purposes, […]
Molecular biology studies the molecular mechanisms of life, including the structure of biological molecules. It emerged in the 1960s with the discovery of DNA and encompasses biochemistry and genetics. The “central dogma” states that genes are transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins, but there are exceptions. Expression cloning is a basic area of investigation […]
Molecular medicine involves using knowledge of the molecular basis of disease and new clinical practices, including cell and gene therapies. It includes factors such as antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins. Gold nanoparticles have been shown to transport siRNA into human cells, which could be used to “turn off” targeted genes and disable viruses and human […]
Diagnostic molecular scientists perform diagnostic tests, design and process DNA and RNA isolation tests, and conduct research in infectious diseases. They require at least an undergraduate degree in organic or biochemistry and often have a master’s degree in molecular chemistry or biology. They can find job opportunities in research or medical laboratories, in the public […]
