Shaft mining is a process to access underground mining facilities. The central shaft, known as a service cage, transports personnel and has branches called levels or galleries. Skip buckets transport ore and caissons provide water, fuel, and ventilation. A butt frame raises and lowers winch elevators, while head frames store ores. Shaft mining, also known […]
Hydraulic cylinders use pressurized fluid to produce linear motion and force, powering heavy equipment like excavators. Control valves and hydraulic seals are critical for safe operation, and worn seals can be prevented with smooth internal surfaces. Water hydraulic systems are an alternative to oil, but require specific design. A hydraulic cylinder produces linear motion and […]
Omphalocele is a birth defect where internal organs protrude from the abdominal wall, often along the umbilical cord area. It can be detected by ultrasound during pregnancy and may be associated with genetic disorders. Repair procedures depend on the size of the defect and can take days, weeks, or even months or years. An omphalocele […]
Electric cars are specialized railway locomotives used for passenger service. They can save time and energy by being placed at each end of a train set. They are commonly used in high-speed passenger service and light rail, but lack versatility for freight transportation. Amtrak, British Rail, and shinkansen in Japan all use electric cars. Multiple […]
Jute leaves are used in Asian, Middle Eastern, and African cuisine as a food source and thickener in soups, stews, and sauces. Jute plants have many uses, including making burlap, rope, and paper. Jute leaves are nutritious and have a distinct flavor, but can become sticky when cooked. They can be cooked whole or chopped […]
Engraving is a 500-year-old printing process using metal sheets and acid to create an image. The artist draws the image on a wax-coated plate, which is then immersed in an acid bath. The plate is inked and printed using a press. More complex engravings can be made by adding layers or colors and using different […]
An HVAC unit regulates a building’s internal temperature and climate through centralized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It draws warm air into the system, cools it over refrigerated coils, and sends it back into the building. The heating function works similarly. HVAC systems also improve indoor air quality through ventilation and filtration. Filters protect the […]
A scheme of arrangement is a plan for a company to remove debt, organize a takeover, or other financial matters that require cooperation between the company and its creditors and investors. It must be approved by a court and can be used in various situations, such as rescheduling debt or canceling long-term debts. It can […]
A decklid covers a car’s trunk and requires regular inspection to ensure proper alignment, security, and protection from outside elements. Hinges, latches, locks, and rubber seals are all important components that need maintenance and replacement when worn. Electrical wires running through the decklid must also be inspected to prevent short circuiting. A decklid is a […]
Gourmet coffee is a type of coffee with superior flavor and cultivation methods, often more expensive than regular coffee. There is no regulation of the term gourmet, and any roast from any region can be gourmet, depending on the quality of the bean and the roaster. Gourmet coffee can also be defined by the difficulty […]
Macerator pumps grind solid toilet waste into small particles for easy disposal in marine applications or RV holding tanks. They are ideal for small spaces and powered by 12V DC. Inlet lines should be rigid pipes and discharge lines do not have to be. Many boats and recreational vehicles (RVs) are equipped with macerator pumps […]
Pressure pads are a simple and cheap means of automating tasks. They consist of two parts with a break in the circuit under the pad. When pressed, the circuit completes, triggering a response in a connected device. They were commonly used to open doors in retail stores. Pressure pads can work on an on/off or […]
The Huang River valley in China was a vital center for civilization, where early humans developed agriculture, social organization, and ideographic communication. The river’s floods deposited nutrient-rich loess, creating a raised, flat plateau where humans established a Neolithic community. Innovations included primitive writing, irrigation ditches, ritual burials, and dams and levees to control floods. The […]
A foroptor is a tool used by eye care professionals to measure refractive error and determine an eyeglass prescription. It can also measure phoria, amplitude of accommodation, and binocular vision. The foroptor features lenses that refract light and focus images on the patient’s retina, and can measure spherical power, cylindrical power, and cylindrical axis. It […]
Water-cooled engines use a mixture of antifreeze and water to cool the engine through a radiator, while air-cooled engines have cooling fins. Antifreeze lubricates the water pump and should be changed every few years. Racing vehicles with water-cooled engines must use only water due to the slippery nature of antifreeze. A water-cooled engine uses liquid […]
A bend test determines a material’s strength by applying force and observing its reaction. It measures ductility and can determine tensile strength. It is used in welding to test the strength of a weld. A bend test, also known as a bend test, is used to determine the strength of a material by applying a […]
A delivery bill of lading allows importers to legally own shipped items, but exporters relinquish ownership rights upon payment. It is accompanied by a documentary collection and should not be surrendered until payment is received. This type of bill of lading can be problematic for exporters, as importers can take items without paying. It is […]
The difference between Eastern and Central Europe is subjective and lacks a universal definition. The UN defines Eastern Europe as Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. Central Europe’s definition is unclear, but some countries have attempted to define themselves. The fall of communist regimes has confused the definition of […]
Brand architecture is how a company’s brands are structured and related to each other, with options including a single corporate brand, sub-brands, or individual product brands. Choosing the right architecture is critical for building customer loyalty and integrating new products. Brand architecture describes the way a company’s brands are structured and related to each other. […]
ATVs use solenoids in various areas, including ignition and winch accessories. Solenoids consist of a coil and armature that move to connect a contact. Starter and winch solenoids connect battery voltage to their respective devices. There are a few different areas that an All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) may use a solenoid, which may be standard […]
