Vulvovaginitis is inflammation and irritation of the vulva and vagina caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, poor hygiene, or allergies. Symptoms include itching, redness, painful urination, and unusual discharge. Treatment depends on the cause and severity and may include antibiotics, suppositories, or creams. Good hygiene and regular ob-gyn appointments can prevent future infections.
Vulvovaginitis is a general term that can describe many types of inflammation and irritation of the external vulva, the internal vagina, or both. Vaginal infections are very common in women of all ages, and many types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can cause symptoms. A woman experiencing itching, redness, painful urination, or unusual vaginal discharge should visit her ob-gyn immediately to get a diagnosis and receive treatment. Most cases of vulvovaginitis are easy to treat with antibiotics and good hygiene practices, and symptoms usually subside in less than a week.
The most common cause of vulvovaginitis is bacterial infection due to STDs, poor hygiene practices, or undetermined causes. Prepubertal girls are more likely to get bacterial infections than older women, as vaginal fluids become more acidic after puberty and therefore more capable of killing foreign bacteria. Fungal infections, including yeast infections, are very common in women who take antibiotics for other conditions. The vulva and vagina may also become inflamed due to a heat or rubbing rash, an allergic reaction to soap or perfume, or a lack of estrogen.
Symptoms can vary for different types of vulvovaginitis, although most cases of inflammation cause skin redness, mild swelling, and constant itching. A woman may notice a foul odor and creamy white or yellow vaginal discharge as the infection worsens. Some people experience burning sensations when urinating and pain when inserting tampons. Also, some types of vulvovaginitis accompany abdominal pain, fatigue, and fever.
It is important to see a general practitioner or gynecologist at the first signs of inflammation. A doctor may conduct a physical exam, ask questions about symptoms, and collect a sample of mucus or tissue for laboratory analysis. By looking at the discharge under a microscope, your ob-gyn can identify the type and severity of a bacterial or fungal infection. Additional tests may be conducted if your doctor suspects a sexually transmitted disease or allergy. Treatment for vulvovaginitis largely depends on the cause and severity of the problem.
Most bacterial infections that cause vulvovaginitis respond well to oral antibiotics. Yeast infections and other types of fungal problems may need to be treated with a vaginal suppository or topical cream. A patient may need to take estrogen or antihistamine supplements to combat other causes. Regardless of the cause, it’s important for a woman with vulvovaginitis to maintain proper hygiene and schedule regular appointments with her ob-gyn to help prevent future infections.
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