Food packaging materials include metals, paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, Styrofoam, and wood. The most suitable packaging depends on the product type and conditions. Designers consider safety during transport and eye-catching appearance for consumers. Different materials are used for fresh, frozen, aseptic, dry, and prepared foods. New packaging products with features such as temperature sensors are […]
A gearmotor is a device that uses a gear train and an electric motor to drive a large force on a low-speed object. It simplifies the design of power tools and machines that require high torque at low rpm. AC-powered motors are economical and fast, while DC-powered motors are used in the automotive industry. Reduction […]
Pulverizing machines crush various materials into small fragments or granules, including glass, concrete, plastic, coal, and medical waste. Different types of machines include hammer mills, ring mills, double roller crushers, granulators, wood pigs, impactors, and shredders. Each machine has a specific purpose, such as reducing aluminum, grinding rocks and minerals, or chopping wood and bark. […]
Active rectification converts AC to DC with low distortion at low voltages. It is used for circuits handling low levels of AC, such as AM sensing. Synchronous rectification is used in alternators. Active devices like transistors and op amps can be used for active rectification. H-bridge can be used for full-wave rectification and bi-directional drive. […]
A ballpoint hammer has two ends, one shaped like a ball and the other cylindrical, used for shaping and striking metal. Shot peening hammers are used for metal fabrication and work hardening. Peen hammers come in different shapes and sizes and are used to form metal objects and make knife and sword blades. A ballpoint […]
A shared neutral wire is used in electrical circuits for neutral lines with low current. It is also called a common neutral wire and is used in the Edison circuit. Copper wire is needed to carry current during load imbalances. Single-phase wiring is more expensive than split-phase wiring, which uses a shared neutral. Three-phase motors […]
Lathe milling attachments combine lathe shaping with milling drilling and finishing. They are smaller than milling machines and mostly used by hobbyists. Router accessories work with wood or metal, but are typically made for metal. Lathe milling attachments are usually manual and can be equipped with different bits for versatility. A lathe milling attachment is […]
A tuyere is a device used in metallurgy to supply oxygen or air to a furnace, hearth, or forge to melt or smelt metal. It is usually a tube or nozzle made of copper or cast iron, and can be attached to a set of bellows or an internal combustion engine. The word tuyere comes […]
Motorized valves, such as gate, ball, butterfly, and globe valves, use electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuators to open or close. They come in various designs and sizes for different applications, but most differ only in actuation method. Gate valves are suited for large straight flow installations, while ball valves are ideal for fast response cut-offs. […]
Nickel smelting removes impurities from nickel ore to leave only the metal. Ores come from laterites in tropical climates or sulfuric ore mined underground. The ore is melted in an electric furnace using flash smelting. Refining the liquid matte is done through fluid bed roasting or chloride-hydrogen reduction. The resulting nickel is used for alloys, […]
Different industries have different packaging needs, and packaging tools are designed to meet those needs. Common tools include cardboard boxes, plastic bags, duct tape, box cutters, plastic steel strapping, and shrink wrap. These tools are used to hold, protect, and secure products during shipping and transportation. Packing tools are used in all kinds of industries. […]
Hydraulic hammers are modern pile drivers used in construction, demolition, metal forging, quarrying, and piling industries. They use fluid mechanics theories to convert pressure exerted on a confined liquid medium into mechanical output. Hydraulic hammers are versatile, environmentally friendly, and can be customized with interchangeable hammer tips. Hydraulic hammers are the modern descendants of pile […]
Freshwater generators convert saltwater into potable water using heat and pressure. They are important for long sea voyages and are increasingly used in desalination plants. However, they are expensive and require maintenance. Generators are not a solution for widespread water shortages, as they are not powerful enough to meet the scale of the need. A […]
Dimension stone is natural stone cut to specific size or shape guidelines using techniques such as trimming, grinding, or drilling. It is chosen for its texture, color, and durability, and used for aesthetic effects in construction. Techniques used to harvest dimension stone include cutting, burning, and controlled explosives. After separation from the rock face, the […]
Drive rods transfer engine power to other devices and must be manufactured to prevent twisting or sagging. They vary in length and material, and the design determines the amount of torque they can handle. The gap between the motor and drive point affects the force required for rotation. A pushrod is used in torque applications […]
Rhodium plating is a process used to coat materials with a decorative and protective layer of rhodium, commonly used on white gold jewelry. It is applied using electroplating techniques and can enhance the appearance and longevity of any metal. Non-electroplating methods exist but are inferior. Rhodium is a rare and expensive metal, and the plating […]
Tanbark is a wood product made from the outer layers of the tanbark oak, valued for its tannins used in leather tanning. It is used as a ground cover in playgrounds and public arenas, but concerns include maintaining minimum depth levels and potential infestation with insects or contaminants. Shredded recycled rubber may be just as […]
A cup washer is a convex fastener used for support, insulation, or decoration for screws and bolts. It can be surface mounted or countersunk and is made of materials such as steel, brass, plastic, or leather. Cup washers come in various designs and sizes and are used in different applications, including electrical and electronic ones. […]
Thermal depolymerization breaks down waste materials into crude petroleum products through hydrated pyrolysis. The process is efficient, with an EROEI rating of 6.67, and can handle a wide range of feedstocks. The resulting hydrocarbons can be further refined into different types of fuel oil, while residual solids can be used for various purposes. The process […]
Open pit mining involves digging a pit to access minerals and materials near the surface. It requires less capital and labor than underground mining, and profitability depends on the extraction ratio. The process is simple, but profitability decreases as surface materials are depleted. Just as the name suggests, open pit mining is a type of […]
